State

A State effect can be seen as the combination of both a Reader and a Writer with these operations:

• get get the current state

• put set a new state

Let’s see an example showing that we can also use tags to track different states at the same time:

import cats.data._
      import org.atnos.eff._, all._, syntax.all._

      type S1[A] = State[Int, A]
      type S2[A] = State[String, A]

      type S = Fx.fx2[S1, S2]

      val swapVariables: Eff[S, String] = for {
        v1 <- get[S, Int]
        v2 <- get[S, String]
        _ <- put[S, Int](v2.size)
        _ <- put[S, String](v1.toString)
        w1 <- get[S, Int]
        w2 <- get[S, String]
      } yield "initial: " + (v1, v2).toString + ", final: " + (w1, w2).toString

      swapVariables.evalState(10).evalState("hello").run

> initial: (10,hello), final: (5,10)

In the example above we have used an eval method to get the A in Eff[R, A] but it is also possible to get both the value and the state with run or only the state with exec.

Instead of tagging state effects it is also possible to transform a State effect acting on a “small” state into a State effect acting on a “bigger” state:

import org.atnos.eff._, all._, syntax.all._
      import cats.data.State

      type Count[A] = State[Int, A]
      type Sum[A] = State[Int, A]
      type Mean[A] = State[(Int, Int), A]

      type S1 = Fx.fx1[Count]
      type S2 = Fx.fx1[Sum]
      type S = Fx.fx1[Mean]

      def count(list: List[Int]): Eff[S1, String] = for {
        _ <- put(list.size)
      } yield s"there are ${list.size} values"

      def sum(list: List[Int]): Eff[S2, String] = {
        val s = if (list.isEmpty) 0 else list.sum
        for {
          _ <- put(s)
        } yield s"the sum is $s"
      }

      def mean(list: List[Int]): Eff[S, String] = for {
        m1 <- count(list).lensState((_: (Int, Int))._1, (s: (Int, Int), i: Int) => (i, s._2))
        m2 <- sum(list).lensState((_: (Int, Int))._2, (s: (Int, Int), i: Int) => (s._1, i))
      } yield m1 + "\n" + m2

      mean(List(1, 2, 3)).runState((0, 0)).run

> (there are 3 values
the sum is 6,(3,6))